Digital Inequality, Socioeconomic Stratification, and Social Mobility in Developing Economies

Abstract

Digital technologies have transformed social, economic, and political landscapes, yet the benefits of digital access and literacy remain unevenly distributed, particularly in developing economies. Digital inequality the disparity in access to information and communication technologies (ICTs), digital skills, and online opportunities intersects with existing socioeconomic stratifications, influencing individuals’ capacity for social mobility. This study investigates the relationships between digital inequality, socioeconomic stratification, and social mobility in developing countries, exploring how digital exclusion reinforces structural inequalities and limits upward mobility. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining survey data from 300 participants across urban and rural regions with semi-structured interviews to capture contextual nuances. Structural equation modeling using SmartPLS examined the direct and mediated effects of digital access, digital literacy, and ICT usage on social mobility, considering socioeconomic status as a moderating factor. Results indicate that digital access (β=0.72, p<0.001) and digital literacy (β=0.69, p<0.001) positively influence social mobility, with socioeconomic stratification mediating these relationships (β=0.65, p<0.001). Individuals from higher socioeconomic strata derive greater benefits from digital engagement, while marginalized populations face compounding barriers due to limited infrastructure, skills, and resources. The study highlights that addressing digital inequality requires both policy interventions to expand ICT access and educational initiatives to develop digital competencies, particularly for vulnerable communities. By integrating digital inclusion strategies with socioeconomic development policies, governments and civil society can enhance opportunities for social mobility, reduce structural inequalities, and foster equitable economic growth. These findings contribute to the theoretical understanding of the digital divide as a multidimensional phenomenon and offer practical insights for policymakers, educators, and technology developers in developing economies. Future research should explore longitudinal impacts of digital inclusion programs and the role of emerging technologies such as mobile internet, e-learning platforms, and digital finance in facilitating social mobility.